a difference in the pronunciation of words within a language

when a dominant culture is present and exerts influence but minority cultural features are still retained

a form of precipitation that is highly acidic and results from the emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide

a clustering of economic activity, such as when similar industries locate near one another

the belief that the existence of God/gods cannot be proven

a company connected with the production of food

the transition from hunting and gathering to the domestication of plants and animals

the science, art, and practice of cultivating plants and livestock

the belief that objects, people, and creatures all possess a divine essence

a boundary that was created before modern human settlement occurred

the number of people per unit area

the process by which a minority group adopts the values and traits of a more dominant cultural group

a lack of belief in God/gods

a form of government where power is held by a single ruler

the process of a state breaking up into a smaller independent units, which may be hostile toward one another

the idea that the price and demand for real estate decreases as the distance from the city center increases

general boundary descriptions that utilize local landmarks or physical geographic features

a large division within a religion

a location where cargo arriving in bulk is broken up into smaller units to transport elsewhere

an economic activity where the finished product weighs more than the inputs

an economic activity where the inputs, or raw materials, weigh more than the finished product

the maximum population size that can be sustained by an area based on the resources available

the art and science of map-making

the center of a city and the focal point for the exchange of goods and services

a force that pushes people apart within a country and threatens national unity

a force that unifies people within a state

where migrants from one area follow the path of other migrants from the same area, much like links in a chain

a sovereign city that controls the surrounding territory

a territory that is ruled by another state

a form of agriculture where crops are grown primarily for sale off the farm

a shape of a state where the distance from the center to any point on the boundary is roughly the same

the spread of a particular feature over space

a model of the internal structure of a city where zones of businesses and residences are arranged in concentric rings outward from the CBD

the rapid and expanding spread of a cultural feature from person to person

a home-based manufacturing activity, such as weaving

or CBR, the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people

or CDR, the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people

the idea that a person's values and beliefs are a product of a unique cultural tradition and should not be judged based on others' views or practices

the social behaviors and beliefs as well as material forms found in human societies

a form of government where people have the right to select their leaders

or DTM, a model of how a country's population structure and growth changes over time

a subgroup of a religion within a branch that has a common tradition and typically has a single administrative body

the frequency of a particular feature within a given area

the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years

a theory of uneven development that holds that resources generally flow from peripheral countries to core countries

when a central government delegates additional powers to a sub-national entity

a particular regional speech pattern found within a language

a group of people who are living outside of their geographic homeland

the notion that the likelihood of interaction between two things decreases as their distance apart increases

the amount of time a population takes to double in size

the cost advantage gained by industries as they grow in scale and are able to decrease the cost to produce each unit

an urban area with businesses, shopping, and entertainment outside of the traditional CBD

a state that is long and narrow

refers to migration from a location

a language at risk of becoming extinct

the view that cultural features and societal developments are determined by environmental conditions

or epidemiological transition, describes changing disease patterns and causes of death that correspond with broader societal and population changes

the forced removal or killing of an ethnic group in order to create a more ethnically homogenous region

a belief system primarily associated with a particular ethnic group and generally tied to a particular geographic area

a shared identity with a group of people who have a common history or cultural tradition

evaluating or judging another culture's traits based on one's own cultural system

the spread of culture through an expansive process, growing larger as it spreads but remaining in its original location

a language with no remaining speakers

an area of lower density housing outside the central city and surrounding suburbs where people live and commute to the central city for work

a political system characterized by an extreme form of nationalism and the rule by a dictator

a form of government where the power resides in units of local government, such as self-governing territories or states.

cultural features practiced by small, homogeneous groups that generally live in rural, more isolated areas

the involuntary movement of people from one place to another

an area that has one or more common characteristics

a state that is fragmented into multiple, noncontiguous parts

an area organized around a particular node or focal point

a form of a religion that is characterized by a strict, literal interpretation of scripture and a return to the religion's core principles

or GII, a measure of gender disparity created by the United Nations that uses reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation to measure the loss of achievement in a country due to gender inequality

the process by which the character of a neighborhood changes as more affluent residents and businesses move in

a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data, also known as GIS and sometimes referred to a geographic information science

a political tactic used to create voting districts that give an advantage to one political party

the increasing interconnectedness and integration of the countries of the world resulting from advances in communication and transportation technology

agricultural innovations that resulted from the use of new technologies in the 1950s and 1960s that significantly increased global agricultural production

or GDP, a measure of the amounts of goods and services produced within a country in a given time period

or GNI, the total income earned by residents of a country

the value of all goods and services produced by a country and the value of all of the overseas investments by its residents and businesses

the expansive spread of a cultural feature from a person of influence or authority to the wider population

or HDI, a composite statistic created by the United Nations to measure a country's level of development

the study of humans and their interaction with the earth

migration to a location

a period of transition to new manufacturing processes beginning in the United Kingdom from the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s

or IMR, the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births

a form of subsistence agriculture where farmers cultivate a small area of land using additional effort

a boundary within a state

a permanent move within the same country

movement from one country to another

movement from one region to another

the presence of an opportunity between a migrant's home site and their intended destination

migration within one region

a system of producing goods only as needed in order to reduce inventory and align with the buyer's needs

a collection of languages within a language family that are related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousands of years ago

a large group of languages that were united by a common ancestral language before recorded history

a collection of languages that share a common origin in the relatively recent past

a structured system for communication

lines that circle the globe running east-west parallel to the equator

the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

a common language that is used as a means of communication between speakers of different native languages, often for the purposes of trade or diplomacy

a written character that represents a word or phrase

long, narrow divisions of land usually lined up along a waterway

lines that run vertically north-south around the globe intersecting at the poles

a city with a population of over 10 million people

a group of two or more overlapping metropolitan areas

a boundary defined by a specific distance between two points as well as an orientation and direction

a United States Census designation, defined as an urban area, the county within which it is located, and surrounding counties where a high percentage of the residents commute to the central county for work

financial services that target individuals and small businesses on a smaller scale than traditional financial institutions

a permanent move to a new location

a member of a religious group who helps diffuse and promote their religion in an area

a form of farming where a single crop is grown

the belief in one God

the presence of multiple, distinct cultural identities

a model of internal city structure where clusters of development occur in nodes or separate nuclei outside of the CBD

a group of people with a strong cultural and ethnic identity

an independent state that has a homogenous cultural and ethnic identity

a personal allegiance to a particular country

or NIR, the percentage by which a population grows in a year

materials or substances drawn from nature that are useful to humans

a form of control using economic influence or indirect political control rather than direct military or political authority

an ideology that promotes free market competition

a form of subsistence agriculture where domesticated animals are herded in search of fresh pastures for the animals to graze (also known as pastoral nomadism)

a natural resource that cannot be replaced by natural means as fast as it is consumed

refers to the pollution of water or air that does not originate from a single source

not having a belief in God/gods

a form of government where the power structure rests with a small group of people

contracting out a portion of a business to another party, which might be located in another country

the arrangement of a particular feature within an area

a state that completely surrounds another state

the study of Earth's natural environment

the number of people per unit of arable land

a simplified form of communication that develops as a means of interaction between speakers of different native languages

a form of commercial agriculture where large farms specialize in the production of one or two crops

a single discrete source of pollution

the belief in many gods

broad cultural features found dominant, heterogeneous societies

a graphical presentation of a country’s population by age and gender groups

the idea that the physical environment places some limits on human activity, but that people can adapt and adjust to their environment

an economic activity that involves directly getting raw materials from the natural environment

a city that is the largest city in a country, is more than twice as populous as the next largest city, and is emblematic of the national culture

a way to flatten the globe's surface onto a flat surface to create a map

a shape of a state that has an extension that protrudes from its main territory

a theorized ancestral language from which a group of related languages is believed to have evolved

see prorupted state

reasons to migrate to a particular location

reasons that push people to move from their current location

an economic activity that relates to information technology, such as computing or research

an economic activity related to making high level decisions

identity with a group of people who have a shared biological heritage

the belief that race corresponds with differences in both physical appearance and behavioral traits and the belief that one race is superior over another

the observation that the nth largest city in a country has 1/n the population of the largest country

a policy aimed at denying services to residents of particular ethnic or racial communities

a person who has been forced to cross national boundaries and cannot return home safely

areas that are broadly divided based on their physical or human characteristics

a boundary that no longer functions but is still apparent on the landscape

diffusion of culture through the physical movement of people from one place to another

a natural resource that is able to be replenished during a human time scale

the ratio of the distance on a map to the corresponding distance on Earth's surface

the increases in agricultural production that coincided with the innovations created during the Industrial Revolution

an economic activity that uses a raw material to create a finished good

a division within a religion that characterizes a smaller group that has split from an established denomination

a model of city structure where zones of development extend out from the CBD in wedges

the principle that promotes the separation of religion from government, politics, and public affairs

the reproduction of plants through the use of seeds

the right of a group of people to govern themselves

a region caught between more powerful states (can also be spelled shatterbelt)

the location of a settlement on Earth and its physical characteristics

the location of a place relative to other places and geographic features

the authority of a state to govern itself within a territory

an organized territory led by a government that has control over its domestic and foreign interests

an ethnic group that does not govern its own state and is not the majority population of any nation-state

the spread of an idea or principle rather than the original cultural feature or product

a boundary established after human settlement

a form of agriculture where a farmer grows crops primarily to feed themselves and their families

a boundary created by an outside power that ignores underlying cultural differences

an organization or political entity that is comprised of a number of different member states and whose administrative structure extends across multiple national boundaries

the ability of a natural system to be productive indefinitely

the blending of cultural features to form new traits

a social or cultural prohibition or restriction that designates certain behaviors, actions, or subjects as forbidden or unacceptable within a particular society or group

the use of violence to achieve political goals

an economic activity that provides a service to businesses and consumers

the idea that the relative distance between spaces has been reduced due to advances in transportation and communication technologies

or TFR, the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (defined as ages 15-49)

an area marked by a gradual spatial change

a form of government where a central government entity has all or most of the governing power

an area that includes a city and its surrounding, developed region

the process of businesses, workers, and consumers, moving away from the central business district

a phenomenon that refers to localized and elevated temperatures within urban areas compared to their surrounding rural regions

the unrestricted growth of an urban area over a large tract of land, also known as sprawl or suburban sprawl

the shifting of population from rural areas to urban areas

the reproduction of plants using a fragment of the parent plant

a region that is perceived to exist